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Introduction - Anatomy and physiology of female reproductive system

  Introduction   For better understanding and effective midwifery practice and in order to achieve safe motherhood, the midwife, (you) must have sound knowledge and be familiar with the unique anatomical feature of the woman and understand the process of reproduction. Your general knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the body are equally relevant to this course. In this unit emphasis will be laid on the female pelvis, pelvic floor and the fetal skull. It is believed that the knowledge you shall acquire will enhance your skill in the care of women in childbirth.   Objectives   At the end of this discussion you will be able to do the following:   ·                Recognize the unique characteristic features of the female pelvis.   ·                Identify abnormalities in the pelvis that can complicate labour and manage them appropriately.   ·                Explore the anatomical structure of the pelvic floor muscles for effective management of delivery.   ·                Preven
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Bony Pelvis

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  The Bony Pelvis   The bony pelvis form the bony canal through which the fetus must pass during the normal birth process. If the canal is of the normal shape, and size, the baby of the normal size will negotiate it without difficulties,because pelvis vary in size and shape it is important that the midwife recognizes the normal pelvis so as to be able to detect deviation from the normal. One of the ways of estimating the progress of labor is by assessing the relationship of the fetus to certain pelvic landmarks.   Functions ·                It connects the spine to  the lower limbs   ·                It protects the female reproductive organs, bladder, the urethra ,colon, rectum and anal canal   ·                It allows movement of the body especially walking and running   ·                It permits sitting  and kneeling   ·                It forms a bony passage for the fetus during labor   ·                It transmits the weight of the trunk to the legs and holds the two femurs  
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Pelvic floor

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  The pelvic floor   The pelvic floor is formed by the soft tissues that fill the outlet of the pelvis. It forms a strong diaphragm of muscle sling from the walls of the pelvis. The pelvic floor is made up of   ·                The  Skin   ·                Subcutaneous Fat   ·                Superficial Muscles   ·                Deep Muscles   ·                Pelvic Fascia   ·                Peritoneum   The urethra, vagina and the anal canal pierce through it   Functions : ·                Supports the weight of the abdominal and pelvic organs   ·                Responsible for the function of the menstruation and defecation and plays an important part in sexual intercourse   ·                Influence passive movement of the fetus during childbirth     Muscle Layers   Superficial Layers consists of five muscles:   1.             The external and sphincter muscle   2.             The transverse perineal muscle   3.             The bulbocavernous muscle   4.             The ichiocave
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